What are germs?

"Germs" is the general name that we use to talk about microorganisms - small organisms made of just one cell, that we cannot see unless we use a microscope. They include bacteria, fungi and protista.

Why are germs dangerous?

Not all germs are dangerous! Some bacteria live on our skin and protect us, and others live inside our body without harming us (they can even make some vitamins for us!)

But other germs, including some bacteria, can harm us and cause us to get sick (sometimes VERY sick!!!). These are called "pathogenic". We wash ourselves, our clothes, and also our food, plates and forks etc to get rid of pathogenic bacteria.

What is the "Hygeine hypothesis"?

This is an idea that some scientists have used to explain why in recent years we see an increase in the numbers of cases of allergies and eczma in industrialized countries. Maybe all our washing to get rid of pathogenic bacteria is bad because it also washes away the "good" bacteria which make the molecules that reduce inflammation.

Which bacteria can help reduce inflammation?

Certain staphylococcal bacteria.

Staphylococci are round-shaped bacteria which bunch together to look like grapes down the microscope.

What is the name of the molecule that the bacteria produce to reduce inflammation?

Staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) which acts on skin cells known as keratinocytes, found on the epidermis of the skin.